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TIMELINE OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY

From the Time of Caines Kingdom to the Roman occupation

Accurately dating Egyptian history is difficult. "History" is as much a ritual as a process of events; as a ritual, its protagonists are royal and divine. Only in the Late Period did these conventions weaken significantly. Even then, they were retained in full for temple reliefs, where they kept their vitality into Roman times. King lists and astronomy give only a chronological framework. A vast range of archaeological and inscriptional sources for Egyptian history survives, but none of it was produced with the interpretation of history in mind. No consistent political history of ancient Egypt can be written.
A total of 955 years for the 1st through the 8th dynasty in the Turin Canon has been used to assign a date of about 3100 BC for the beginning of the 1st dynasty, but this requires excessive average reign lengths, and an estimate of 2925 BC is preferable. Radiocarbon and other scientific dating of samples from Egyptian sites have not improved on, or convincingly contested, computed dates. Recent work on radiocarbon dates from Egypt does, however, yield results encouragingly close to dates computed in the manner described above.
As usual White Wolf matches no accredited date, World of Darkness canon and real world history diverge on countless points. I have kept all dates as they actually happened (using the radio carbon dated timeline) and this has meant that some canon dates no longer match up. I can see no reason in the World of Darkness to move the rule of Khufu back in history or of having Hatshepsut found her cults and then die long before she was born, especially when it is a simple matter to obtain the actual dates. - Spike

Years ago
80,000 (approx)	Humanity leaves Africa and enters Egypt and Arabia, travelling onwards around the southern tip of India and into the East.
30,000 - 20,000	Venus figures are common. Mankind recognises and worships the same earth Mother as the Shifters and the Fae.
The First City, The Sunless Empire
17,000 BC	The Neteru tribe rule Khem from splendid palaces. Geb and Nut, the old King and Queen, inherited the land from Re, the sun God and when they die they pass it on to thier four children; Auser (Osiris), Auset (Isis), Sutekh (Set) and Nebt-Het (Nephthys). Royal brothers Sutekh and Auser are Embraced by Irad the Strong of Enoch.
16,800 BC	Sutekh is sent to the Xi empire of the Olmec's to rule because Irad forsaw friction between the two brothers.
15,500 BC	Auser embraces Auset.
14,000 BC	Height of the Enochian Empire [see write up & book of Nod]
13,600 BC	The Third Generation destroy the second generation.
13,500 BC	Sutekh returns from his time as ruler of the Olmec outpost in southern America and expects to be given the Throne of Lower Egypt. He is angered when his older brother refuses to give him his birthright and the Neteru begin to splinter.
13,300 BC	Khem begins to decline to give Hospitality to non Setites and relations with the Assamites lead to several border skirmishes. The relationship between Sutekh and Auser casts a pallor over the two lands.
13,250 BC	Sutekh wages several wars, against his neighbours and against enemies within his own kingdom. The Priests begin to whisper that the greatest enemy of Apep has now lost Maat and is in fact a willing Thrall of the darkness.
12,900 BC	Sutekh no longer attempts to hide his true nature anymore and begins to wage open war on his Brother Auser.
12,800 BC	Auser declares that he will never share control of Egypt and banishes his brother Sutekh to the desert. Sutekh travels throughout the Saharan Desert, influincing the tribal societies there and even learning much of thier survival crafts. Much of what transpires here will have an effect on his military and psychological tactics when he declares war against his brother and again when the Setites go to war against the Clans.
	A great council is held in the city of Par-Bast. Auset and Nebt-het of the Neteru, Khonshu Xeper and Karnak of the Mokole, Gulfora and Seker of the Hidden, Hathor and Sekhmet of the Simba, Anpw, Tanis, and Hen-Taui of the Urshu (Silent Striders), are all guests of Bast herself and her mate Ptah of the Bubastis.
	Sutekh returns and imprisions Auser. Later Auser escapes and is torn limb from limb. Auser and the majority of his Clan were eventually destroyed. Nebt-Het is embraced by Sutekh against her wishes. Sutekh's army attacks Par-Bast. The Bubastis and their hidden allies flee whilst the coalition of supernaturals hold the army at bay. Seker and Khonshu fall in a glorious battle with hundreds of soldiers piled up beneath them.
	Anpw, the Silent Strider Hero and lover of Nebt-Het becomes the first of the Undying (Mummy). His friend Tanis is destined to be the second but is killed by Sutekh as he attacks the temple. Nebt-Het is also killed by her Husband and Sire.
12,600 BC	Beginning of the decline. Many, including Thoth recognise the coming catastrophe and begin to make plans to preserve the Knowledge of the Empire. The Sphinx is built as are the structures over which the Pyramids now stand. The Sphinx, known by the Arabs as Abu al-Hawl, or “Father of Terror.”, represented the comming catastrophe, the chaotic and destructive force in nature that would later be depicted as a Dragon in the Western world. The Fall of the Empire is recognised by very few of the Vampires, and they fail to make the same steps to preserve thier Empire.
12,000 BC	Meshta and Horus are turned into Mummy's. Auset restores Auser to life. Sutekh kills him again. Khetamon, the last of the Auser' progeny, flees and doesn't stop until he reaches india were he perfects his discipline of Bardo
11,000 to 10,000 BC The Deluge	The weight of the Ice at the polar regions has reached such a high level that the terrain of the earth begins to move. The skin of the globe slowly begins to slide around and displaces the ecology of the world. The end of this period is marked by dramatic climate changes, including global warming, the receding of glaciers at upper latitudes, and a worldwide rise in sea levels. Northern Africa becomes hotter and less hospitibal and Nomadic hunters from the region move to settle in the Faiyum. Influenced by the survivours of the Kingdom of Khem they become sedentary agriculturalists.
9,000 BC	The end of the ice age, Mammoths ceased to walk the earth. All memory of the Enochian empire is completely lost to the deluge. Mankind starts again and slowly pulls itself from the first Dark age.
THE SECOND CITY (after the deluge)
9,000 - 8,000 BC	The Book of Nod says the third Generation built another city [the Second City], theorized to be Babylon or one forgotten and buried in Egypt, and ruled behind the scenes for thousands of years.
8,000 BC	In the Jordan Valley, close to the outpost of Mount Assam, a Neolithic culture comes into being among the remains of Enoch's outpost. This leads to the Israelite tribes evolving. During this time the Heri-Shi tribe of Hunters dominate the Faiyum and its surrounds. Having been in this region since before the Neteru rose to power the Heri-Shi have remained on the edge of Khem's society and the other tribes have learned not to infringe upon thier wet kingdom.
6000 BC	Agriculture marks a century in the second wave of culture in the Nile valley. The Vampiric Cult Of Isis and the Mage Priesthood of Thoth fight a shadow war against the forces of Sutekh. The Reborn go through some of their darkest times due to a lack of strong leadership.
from 5200	Lower Egypt (the Faiyum) becomes a powerful force in its location. The Heri-Shi are isolationist and preternatural patient, almost no interaction between them and the Neteru is established. The Heri-Shi send tribute to the rulers of Khem and observe their rules and in return the Neteru leave them to their lakeside villages. The earlist known settlement in the northern Nile valley, Merimda, is settled around this time.
from 4500	Tasian culture (named after Dayr Tasa) , possibly the oldest-known cultural phase in Upper Egypt, flourishes. It is unclear wether the Tasians were replaced by the Badarian culture (named after al-Badari) or if the two were contempory.
from 4300 BC	Upper Egypt eventually joins its northern siblings as it begins to form itself into a new kingdom. Sutekh wanders the Deserts, shaping the Saharan culture into a tool, weakening certain tribes of nomads and pointing Nubian villages into new Hunting grounds. Unseen by modern Archaeologists, the hand of Sutekh has a subtle but powerful effect on the development of countless cultures, all of which will eventually trickle into the Egyptian story. The evidence of Animal headed gods and the importance of Cattle sacrifice in the Sahara, both of which became immensly important in Dynastic Egypt, is perhaps the most obvious evidence of his passing.
4300 - 3800	The Badarian culture flourishes.
4000	The Naqada I, also called Amratian, culture flourishes in the region of modern Luxor and al-'Amirah near Abydos in Qina muhafazah (governorate). As shown by the discovery of Saharan pottery in southern Egypt, there was a great deal of contact between the Saharan Culture and the Nile culture during this period. Until this time all previous Nile valley pottery decoration had a marked different style to that of the common and widespread Saharan decoration.
3500	The Naqada II culture flourishes in Egypt. So many technical and cultural advances are made, or rediscovered amid the ruins, that the Naqada II culture is now seen as the precursor of ancient Egyptian civilization. Ma'adi was an extensive settlement that traded with the Near East and probably acted as an intermediary for transmitting goods to the south. In this period, imports of lapis lazuli provide evidence that trade networks extended as far afield as Afghanistan. The Uan Muhuggiag Mummy (a black baby approx 2 and half years old) is buried in the Acacus mountains of the Sahara, in modern day Libya, 15,00 miles west of Egypt. The sophistication of the burial, the mummification and the grave goods (ostrich egg necklace) points to the practice being common for several hundred, probably even several thousand, years. Modern Egyptologists consider the date for the first Nile Valley Mummy to be approximately 2,600 BC.
	The second City, the Vampiric Empire founded by the Antediluvians, is as its zenith. This City Empire was fractious and warred often. Without Caine and the three, the Vampires did not play well together.
3300 BC	Sutekh was being worshiped by some mortals as the God of Night and Darkness. Khetamon returns from hiding to create a cult of Vampires called the children of Osiris. Sutekh's power over Egypt's mortal hierarchy is cemented.
3250	Protodynastic or Naqada III period in Upper Egypt. At this time Egypt seems to have been a state unified under kings who introduced writing and the first bureaucratic administration. Several powerful city states develope, especially Naqada, Hierakonpolis (Nekhen)and This (near Abydos). Influence and ideas from Mesopotamia begin to be seen but soon fall out of fashion again. The falcon symbol is first used to denote the King and eventually develops into the recognisable Horus iconology.
Archaic Period
3100 - 2890	1st Dynasty founded by Menes when he defeats Lower Egypt and unifies the Kingdom once more. Sutekh's power is weakened by Horus' actions and the growth in power of the reborn. Around this time the Mesopotamian culture invent writing and enjoy many benefits of City life.
3,000	A drastic climate change in the Saharan Desert area leads to mass migration and changes among that culture. African Tribes attempt to settle in lower Egypt and those who mistakenly assume the Heri-Shi and their patience is a sign of weakness dissapear and never return from thier raids on the Faiyum. The survivours learned not to infringe upon these lake regions.
2890 - 2686	2nd Dynasty.
Old Kingdom: The Pyramid Age.
2686 - 2613	3rd Dynasty. Egypt had ended all forms of internal strife and was unconcerned by any threats from abroad, the state was highly organised and effciently administered.
2668 - 2649	Reign of Djoser, who commisioned the building of the step Pyramid at Sakkara designed by his chief minister, the Mage Imhotep.
2637 - 2613	Reign of Huni, for whom the Meidum step pyramid was intended.
2620	Birth of Queen Hetephras (Hetepheres), daughter of Huni by his chief Queen.
2613 - 2494	4th Dynasty is founded by Sneferu (2613 - 2589), son of Huni by Meresankh and husband of Hetepheres. Stories of Sneferu paint him as a man of geniality but the taking of large percentages (thousands) of prisoners in military campagns hints at a darker side. Sneferu completed his fathers step Pyramid. Late in its reconstruction under Snefru, the outer casing and fill of the pyramid began to collapse. The work was abandoned, and the mortuary chapel remained uninscribed.
2610	Birth of Sahura (date may be wrong as it is claimed to be during the reign of Pharaoh Khufu, but is at least 21 years too early for that to be correct).
2600	Approximate date of the first Nile valley mummification. The Veil of Isis began to use the magics and science included in the Spell of Life to preserve the bodies of their Kings. Few of these preserved bodies were ever given the full ritual, but the skills of the Priestesses allowed the Pharaohs to ascend to Heaven.
2589 - 2566	reign of the Pharaoh Khufu, AKA. Kheops or Cheops, son of Sneferu. As well as the builder of the largest of the Giza pyramids, Khufu is remembered as a man with little concern for others. If rumours can be believed he sent his daughter to a brothel to raise the money for his pyramid.
2566 - 2558	Reign of the Pharaoh Djedefre, son of Khufu. The first pharaoh to style himself 'son of Re' rather than as a God in his own right.
2558 - 2532	Reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (Chephren) son of Khufu. His queens and children are buried in the earliest examples of rock-cut tombs while Khafre is remembered by the name of the great Pyramid. Khafre was the king who had the statue of the Sphinx reshaped in his image and under whom it was worshipped as the God Horemakhet (Horus-on-the-Horizon).
2532 - 2504	Reign of the Pharaoh Menkaure (Mycerinus) and Queen Khamerernebty II. builder of the third and smallest Pyramid at Giza
2504 - 2500	Reign of the Pharaoh Shepseskaf.
2494 - 2345	5th Dynasty founded by Userkaf (2498 - 2491), grandson of Djedefre, and Khentkawes, half sister of Shepseskaf. Trade between Egypt and Byblos, Nubia and Punt and the continuing exploitation of quarries and gold in sinai and the eastern Desert meant that the fifth Dynasty was a time of growing prosperity. Priestly power grew due to the endowments of mortuary priests and high offices of state began to be awarded to men who were not members of the royal family. The mummified body, said to be that of Nefer and once beleived to be the earliest mummy, comes from this period.
2491 - 2477	Reign of the Pharaoh Sahure.
2477 - 2467	Reign of the Pharaoh Neferirkare, brother of Sahure.
2453 - 2422	Reign of the Pharaoh Niuserre. His funery temples record the names of a large number of his courtiers, the most noticable of whom, Ti, has a very fine mastaba at Sakkara.
2414 - 2375	Reign of the Pharaoh Djedkare, who was fond of sending expeditions to Byblos, Nubia and Punt (Eritrea).
2375 - 2345	Reign of the Pharaoh Unas. Unas pyramid is the earliest to have inscriptions, known as the pyramid texts, in its interior.
2345 - 2181	6th Dynasty, a time of exploration, especially for the local rulers of Elephantine (Aswan) who ventured into Africa. The expansion of funery provisions for the dead resulted in the growth of the cult of Auser (Osiris). Auser replaced Re as ruler of the Underworld and became popular again because he democratized the underworld, holding out the promise of eternal life to everyone. His supposed burial place, Abydos, became one of the most sacred sites in Egypt. The flowering civilization of Khem continue in their fascination with the hunters of the Heri-Shi and begin to call them Neqaui-hatu (the fiends who tore up hearts) once they discover their cannibalistic practices of devouring their enemies Ab.
2345 - 2333	Reign of the Pharaoh Teti, husband to Unas daughter Iput.
2332 - 2283	Reign of the Pharaoh Pepy I, son of Teti. Pepy I was married to, among others, two sisters both named Ankhnesmeryre, and to Weretimtes, who was part of an unsuccessful conspiricy against him. His reign was successful due mostly to a man named Weni whose versatility is recorded at his tomb in Abydos.
2283 - 2278	Reign of Pepy I's son by Ankhnesmeryre I, the Pharaoh Merenre.
2278 - 2184	Reign of Pharaoh Pepy II, son by Ankhnesmeryre II and Pepy I. His reign of 94 years was the longest in Egyptian history.
2184 - 2181	Brief reign of the female Pharaoh Nitocris. Although a member of the Veil of isis, Nitocris failed to turn the Kingdom away from the corrupting influence of the Setites.
First Intermediate Period The world is in the grip of a Mini Ice age and Khem declines in power and glory. The Nile level drops drastically and the Harvests fail on a scale never seen before. The starving people loose faith in their Gods and are easier for the forces of Sutekh to corrupt. The horrific Amkhat cult flourishes amid the desperate tribes and people even eat their children. Autobiographical texts in the tombs of several local governors mention famine and the steps that were taken to alleviate it. Ankhtify, governor of Mo'alla, claimed that the starving people of Upper Egypt had been about to eat their children until he supplied them with food. For nearly a century and a half power lay with provincial governors. The breakdown of central authority at the end of the Old Kingdom might have led to chaos, but Egyptian society remained essentially hierarchical and most governors managed to maintain social order in their own localities. Inscriptions on the many stone funerary stelae that have survived paint a picture of devotion to the local ruler and gratitude for his benevolence. There were no grandiose royal building projects or military expeditions, but for the first time people of quite low status owned tombs. The Followers of Set promoted this trend, using it to chip away at the power of the Pharaoh and the worship of Osiris.
2181 - 2173	7th Dynasty
2173 - 2160	8th Dynasty
2160 - 2130	9th Dynasty
2130 - 2040	10th Dynasty
Middle Kingdom
First Intermediate Period The hunters of the Heri-Shi begin to explore the lands of their neighbours and the Tribes of Khem first learn of their God, Rager, from itinerant priests. Throughout the second millennia, the worship of Rager grew from its home in the Faiyum and spread to the surrounding regions along the Nile. A new cult of priests, the Unu-t, took up the worship of this Crocodile God in emulation of the mysterious Neqaui-hatu.
2106 - 1963	11th Dynasty which ruled from Waset, later known to the Greeks as Thebes (modern Luxor).
2033 - 1982	The reign of Mentuhotep II, fifth King of the 11th Dynasty who was viewed as a second Menes, reuniting the whole of Egypt under his rule.
1982 - 1970	The reign of Mentuhotep III.
1970 - 1963	The reign of Mentuhotep IV.
1963 - 1786	12th Dynasty. The last pyramids of any consequence were built at this time. The importance of the Faiyum to the rulers of this period meant that Sobek, chief diety of the region, rose to prominence. The Heri Shi tribe who had once dominated this area were no longer visible in large numbers. The 12th Dynasty also saw establishment of a new state God in the shape of Amun 'The Hidden (or Invisible) One'. While the Egyptian common man considered Amun as a God comparable with Re, the truth was far Darker. Amun stood for the influence of the Demon world that had long had its agents within the lands of the Nile. Finally, the fact that the 12th Dynasty had been founded by a usurper was not forgotten by its kings, and they knew they were mortal and could, in thier turn, be overthrown. The statues of these kings reflected this truth and depicted kings as mortals rather than as the Gods suggested by the statues of previous Dynasties.
1963 - 1934	The reign of Amenemhat I, former Chief minister to Mentuhotep IV and founder of the 12th Dynasty. He relied upon support from district governors to attain the throne and after becoming king he rewarded them by restoring to them thier ancient title 'Great Chief'. He used lituarture and propaganda to solve his two great and immdiate problems; the legitimacy of his Dynasty and the training of a loyal and efficient new bureaucracy. On the advise of his Hekau (Mages), Amenemhat cultivates the Faiyum and reclaims the land for 'agricultural' purposes. These Mages had hoped to destroy the power of the Neqaui-hatu by destroying thier lakeland territories. A plan that was seriously upset when Amenemhat's forces discovered that the Neqaui-hatu had already left the area. While he and his successors reclaimed 450 square kilometers of fertile land, his scheming Mages failed to discover the source of thier rivals power. Papyri texts such as the Prophecies of Neferty, Book of Kemyt (the sum) and the satire of the trades are all good examples. Other works such as the Instructions of Amenemhat I and The Story of Sinuhe detail Amenemhat's death by assassination.
1943 - 1898	The reign of Senwosret I, son of Amenemhat I, who began his rule as co-ruler with his father to grease the wheels of inheritance, a tactic repeated by himself and his son. Senworset I initiated the Egyptian occupation of Nubia, establishing a fortress at Semna and a trading post at Kerma.
1901 - 1866	The reign of Amenemhat II, Senwosret's son.
1868 - 1862	The reign of Senwosret II, Amenemhat II's son. He inaugurated a great project of land reclaimation in the Faiyum.
1862 - 1843	The reign of Senwosret III who led campaigns into Syria-Palestine.
1856 BC	The majority of the Urshu leave Khem along with the Silent Striders. The Few Ravnos vampires who remain behind grow into what will later be known as the Alexandrian Ravnos.
	The three Kings named Senwosret were merged in popular tradition into one, a legendary Hero whose glorious deeds were so magnified that later Greek writers recounted tales of the marvellous Egyptian king, whom they called Sesostris, who conquered the world and was the greatest king ever known.
1843 - 1798	The reign of Amenemhat III, son of Senwosret III who turned his attention to the economic development of Egypt. Irrigation systems were improved and the Faiyum was further developed, with an estimated 17,000 acres being added to its cultivable land.
1798 - 1789	The reign of Amenemhat IV, son of Amenemhat III.
1789 - 1786	The reign of Queen Sobekneferu, daughter of Amenemhat III by a mysterious concubine of the Heri Shi. Sobekneferu instigated great works to honour her God Sobek and kept Nile Crocodiles in her Palace. The rumours that she became a Crocodile herself and mated with these 'pets' was never given too much credit outside of the Mokole themselves.
1786 - 1633(?)	13th Dynasty, which lasted 153 years and had 'sixty kings of Diospolis (Thebes)' according to the Greek Manetho. The throne seems to have changed hands on average every two-and-a-half years, never being passed from father to son. The office of Chief Minister, on the other hand, became hereditary, monopolized by the same family for generation after generation, its holders apparently indifferent to and unaffected by change to the throne. The post of Chief Minister became the basis for the return to power of the Cult of Thoth, the family were hereditary members of the Scribes priesthood. It is thought that kings were appointed and that real power lay with the Chief Minister.
Second Intermediate Kingdom
1786 - 1603	14th Dynasty. Xios was the only exception to the continuing respect for a single central government embodied by a King (even a non hereditory King) that continued everywhere else during the 13th Dynasty. This city in the Western Delta asserted its independence so successfully that it was counted as a seperate Dynasty.
1727	Ankla Hotep is embraced by Smenkhara.
1648 - 1540	15th Dynasty. The first of the Hyksos Dynasties. While Egypt was struggling with floods and a weakened Kingship, it was invaded in what is recorded as a bloodless coup, by Aamu (Asiatics) from the Eastern delta. While these Aamu tribes contained Hurrians and Indo-Aryans, it was made up mainly of Semites who had been making thier way southwards from thier original homelands east of the Caucasus mountains in Anatolia. Manetho calls the Invaders Hyksos, 'shepherds' or 'sheperd kings', but the Egyptian term for them, hekaoo hasoot, means simply 'rulers of foreign lands'. These occupying forces gained control over lower Egypt (except for Xios and the independant 14th Dynasty), ruling from Memphis and allowed the 13th Dynasty to rule from Thebes but treated them as a vassal state and exacted tribute.
1648 - 1587	16th Dynasty. A lesser group of Eight minor chieftans of the Hyksos built a capitol city at Hoot-waret (Avaris) in the north eastern Delta. Once in control the rule of the Hyksos Dynasties was not unduly oppressive, they ruled with a firm hand and levied heavy taxes but managed to remain on cordial terms with the remaining native Dynasties. The Hyksos borrowed extensively from Egyptian culture, administration and religion. So much so that after they left Egypt they founded the earliest Jewish nations in emulation of this advanced civilization. In return they introduced several new concepts to Egypt such as the Lyre, the vertical loom, the horse drawn chariot and several weapons including the composite bow.
1648 - 1550	17th Dynasty. This Dynasty eventually reasserted itself under King Seqenenre Tao II 'the brave' and his son, Kamose who challenged the Hyksos King Apopi to war. Seqenenre, remembered in legend as Hiram, was unable to pass on his Kingly secrets and was the last Pharaoh to understand the methods nessecary to ascend to Godhood after death. His mummy clearly shows the horrific head wounds that ended both his life and the Occult knowledge of the Egyptian God-Kings. Many groups, such as the Freemasons and the Templers, have attempted to recover these secrets to little success. After Seqenenre's death, his sister-wife Ahhotep seized the initiative and enabled Kamose to continue the struggle against the Hyksos. Apopi made an alliance with the king of Nubia but his message was intercepted by the Egyptians and this strategy failed. The Hyksos were apparently not expecting a direct attack from the Egyptians and when Kamose sailed to Avaris, he took the city by surprise. Kamose ruled alone for only three years after taking Memphis and cementing his control of Upper Egypt. Seqenenre and Ahhotep's younger son Ahmose completed the conquest of the Hyksos.
New Kingdom
1550 - 1295	18th Dynasty founded by the victorious Ahmose (1550 - 1525) who became the first king in 250 years to rule over a united Egypt. Apart from forays to secure Egypts southern borders, his rule after the expulsion of the Hyksos was peaceful and he reorganised the administration of his kingdom.
1525-1504	The reign of Ahmose son, Amenhotep I whose stated aim was to 'extend the boundaries' of the country by foreign conquest. Amenhotep mounted campaigns into Nubia, captured an enemy cheiftan and installed Turi 'Kings son of Kush' to govern on his behalf. Amenhotep I introduced the practice of burial in the valley of the Kings and both he and his mother Ahmose-Nefertiri were worshipped as the patron deities of the Theban necropolis.
1504-1492	Reign of Thutmose/Thothmes/Tuthmosis I (whose name means Son-of-Thoth), thought to be a descendant of a minor branch of the Theban royal family. Amenhotep had no son and the Hiereditory priesthood of the Cult of Thoth egineered the crowning of one of thier own. This great warrior Pharaoh's son by his Chief wife died before him and he was succeeded by his son by a secondary Wife who was in fact a member of the veil of Isis.
1492-1482	Queen Makare Hatshepsut (1479 - 1457), priestess of the veil of Isis, rules through her weak brother Thothmes/Tuthmosis II (1492 - 1479). Then retains her throne by marrying her daughter Neferure with Tuthmosis III (1479 - 1425), the nine year old son of Tuthmosis II by a concubine tutored by the Veil of Isis priesthood. Hepshepsut ruled in his place until

he came of age. Hatshepsut justified her seizure of the throne by claiming that she was the daughter of her earthly father Thutmose I, she was also the divine child of the God Amun, begotten by him on Thutmose's queen and chosen by him as heir to the throne of Egypt. This claim to be from the issue of Amun makes it highly likely that Hatshepsut's mother was either a Demon or a half Demon just as was suspected by her enemies at court.

1470 - 1460	Hatshepsut and Thothmes III gathered many magi, the Sacred Artisans; and help reshape parts of the Veil of Isis into the Cupbearers of Isis, and a royal portion of the Cult of Thoth rise to become the Reed of Thothmes. Among the Mages are a powerful group of courtiers loyal to Hatshepsut; Amenhotep the steward, Ahmose the chief minister, Hapu-soneb the high priest of Amun and above all, Senenmut high steward to both Queen Hatshepsut and her daughter Neferure. [This event given in World of Darkness canon as 1503-1482, but how this pair managed to achive this before they were born is unsure - Spike]
1457	Hatshepsut dies, leaving Egypt prosperous and well organized with only the Mitannians offering any trouble from thier attempts to move south towards Egypt.
1457 - 1425	After the death of Queen Hatshepsut, Thutmose III is left ready to meet the threats fights 17 campaigns which establish an Egyptian empire in western Asia and is honoured as the epitome of the warrior Pharaoh. He had to deal with the allies of the Mitanni led by Kadesh, a city on the river Orontes in Syria, in western Asia before challenging them. His campaign led to the seige and eventaul fall of the key city of Megiddo (biblical Armageddon) 150 km north of Gaza.
1446	Thutmose III takes Kadesh.
1427 - 1393	reign of Amenhotep II, son of Thutmose III. Amenhotep put down a revolt in the Asiatic empires that erupted from the death of his father. He captured Tashi, near Kadesh, hung the bodies of 7 enemy princes he had reportedly slain from the prow of his ship and then the walls of Thebes and was able to row a boat six times further than a normal man and could handle horses so well that they ran long distances without sweating.
1392 - 1383	Thutmose IV rules. He was offered the throne by the Sphinx in a dream if he would clear the sand encroaching upon it. This he did and duly he became king. During his reign the growing power of the Hittites of Anatolia was seen as a threat by many nations and Thutmose made an Alliance with King Artatama I of the Mitanni and asked for his daughters hand in marriage.
1383 - 1345	Amenhotep III rules Egypt at the height of its power and prosperity, it is the richest country on Earth. He engages in a program of temple building not only in Egypt but as far afield as Nubia. During his reign Egypt's ally Mitanni was engaged in a desperate struggle with the Hittites and the Assyrians. In the final years of his reign Amenhotep III made his son Amenhotep IV his coruler and the Sun god Re rises in favour and a minor sun god, Aten, is made God of the Empire. Both moves are made to reduce the power of the priesthood of Amun.
1379	Akhenaton ( Amenhotep IV son of Amenhotep III,) and Nefertiti rule Egypt. He denounced the worship of Amun and the priesthood of Thebes, and tried to replace it with the monotheistic worship of Aten, the disk of the sun. This attempt to force a patriarchy upon the people of Egypt was designed to use religion for political purposes by a king who was unable or unwilling to use secular means and made the King and the God indivisable, shouldering out the power of the priests. This scheme was eventually doomed to failure but the Cult of Isis is forced to go underground while he rules.
1353	Mentu-hetep calls together Sacred Congregation (original Celestial Chorus).
1338	Akhenaten makes his brother Smenkare joint ruler.
1336	Akhenaten and Smenkare are both dead. Akhenaten's younger son, Tutankhaten comes to the Throne, changing his name to Tutankhamun. He moves back to Thebes and reinstates the cult of Amun.
1327	Tutankhamun dies and is succeeded by the elderly Ay, brother to Tiy, wife of Amenhotep III.
1323	Ay dies and is succeeded by the chief general of the Army, Horemheb. The Army has decided that without a strong military ruler the Asiatic empire, left to fend for itself by Akhenaten, would fall. Horemheb had been a commander in campaigns in Syria, Nubia and Libya while trying to regain the empire and refused to acknowledge the rulership of the previous four Kings and dated his reign from the death of Amenhotep III.
1295 - 1186	19th Dynasty. Horemheb dies without a son and thus Ramesses I, a fellow general, ascends the Throne.
1294	Sety I, son of Ramesses I ascends the Throne. One of Egypts greatest Kings he reconquers much of the Empire won by Thothmose III even defeating the hated Hittites. His rule also sees a new height in artistic standards as can be seen at Karnak and within the valley of the kings.
1279	Sety I is succeeded by his Son Ramesses II, considered the greatest Egyptian King by many. He builds many great temples for himself, his father and his Wife Nefertiri as well as Pi-Ramessu or city of Ramesses. He had countless statues and monuments built in his glory and was remembered by the Greeks as Ozymandias (a corruption of his throne name wsr-maat-re). Even more impressive was the amount of children he fathered in his 90 years plus of ife. At least 49 of his sons and 38 of his daughters are known by name, while many others remain anonymous.
1274	Leading the four divisions of the Egyptian army (named for the Gods Re, Ptah, Sutekh and Amun) against the Hittites at Kadesh Ramesses II was defeated but the monuments and songs back home claimed he won the battle almost single handedly.
1258	Ramesses engineers a succesful peace treaty with the Hittites and for the remainder of his rule the two nations enjoy good diplomatic relations.
1213	Ramesses II is succeeded by his thirteenth son by Isinofret, Merenptah.
1203	Merenptah dies and the next 17 years are times of weakness and disaster leading to the eventual collapse of the 19th Dynasty. The city of Par-Bast is sacked by invaders from the north and left without assistance from the Egyptian Army. The weakened state cannot afford to risk its troops on such a worthless city and thus the werecats are decemated.
1191	Birth of Khonseru.
1186 - 1070/69	20th Dynasty
1184 - 1153	The last of the warrior Pharaohs, Ramesses III, second King of the 20th Dynasty rules Egypt. During his turbulent rule the Libyans invaded Egypt repeatedly, attacking in wave after wave. Though he claimed otherwise he never defeated them and in fact he needed to build defensive walls round 5 cities. Internal affairs were little better. Following the devastation of the Bubastis, Ratkin swarms swelled and the workers at Dier el-Medina began to suffer starvation. Eventually they went on strike, the first in recorded history and the building of the royal tombs was interrupted. In 1173 Ramesses III defeats the Sea people who hag plagued Merenptah after a six year struggle. The defeated tribes took over Egypt's empire in western Asia and with it major sources of Iron. Their expertise in the working of this metal that would revolutionise the first millennium BC enabled the civilized world to move into the Iron age while Egypt remained stranded in the Bronze age. While struggling to maintain Order and comming to rely heavily upon magical assistance, Ramesses was dangerously indecisive at home. He was reluctant to name which of his wives was his chief wife and thus legitimise his heir. Art depicting his rule depicts the Chief Queen but the cartouche that should bare her name is left blank. The Court of Ramesses II was rife with strong females, the Veil of Isis fought subtle and machiavellian battles with the Priestesses of Sutekh. Because of this uncertainty his court was split by intrigue. His Harem of wives became chaotic as two of his Queens vied for the position. First and most powerful of these women was named Isis and she was a member of the Veil. Isis was called 'Mother of the King', meaning that she was mother to the accepted heir Ramesses IV. The second Queen was Tiy, mother to Pentawaret and agent of the Followers of Sutekh. Tiy plotted to assassinate her husband Ramesses III so she might put her son on throne, and she gathered many allies. This harem conspiracy included magicians and priests who participated in magical attacks on courtiers loyal to Pharaoh. Ramesses III was indeed killed while visiting Thebes, murdered by the harem conspiracy, but Pentawaret did not ascend the throne. Isis was too wiley and well informed to allow such a thing to happen and she made sure her own son became Pharaoh. The plotters were captured and executed for their crime. Prince Pentawaret and many of his co conspirators was forced to kill himself as punishment while other had thier nose and ear's cut off. As for Queen Tiy, her existence was expunged from all records after her execution and her line exterminated. The judges of the trial were also considered to be corrupt for, mainly guilty of revelling with women of harem and they were also relieved of their ears and noses in punishment.
1153 - 1147	Rule of Ramesses IV. The Veil of Isis enjoys a period of increased success after defeating the Setite plans to put Pentawaret on the Throne.
1147 - 1143	Rule of Ramesses V during which time Egypt suffered a smallpox epidemic.
1129 - 1126	Rule of Ramesses VIII, grain was highly priced and often in short supply, at times leading to famine.
1126 - 1108	Rule of Ramesses IX when there was an increase in the robbery of royal tombs.
1099 - 1070/69	Rule of Ramesses XI. The high priests were depicted in art as being of equal importance. High priest Herihor was also chief minister and decreed that the office should be held by his descendants in perpetuity.
Third Intermediate Period
1070/69 - 945	21st Dynasty ( The Herihor family founded by Smendes(1070/69 - 1043) ruled from Tanis). The rule of the Priest Kings.
1080 - 945	21st Dynasty (High priests ruled at Thebes).
1039 - 991	Rule of Psusennes I, son of Smendes.
1032	Nefertiti is embraced by Sutekh.
1000	Egypt loses control over the Near-Eastern provinces.
950	Horus forces Sutekh from Egypt.
945 - 715	22nd Dynasty
945 - 924	Rule of Sheshonq whose capitol was Bubastis. This king conducted a successful campaign in Palestine and is mentioned in the bible as Shishak.
900	A being known as Heru-Behutet and his warriors defeated Sutekh and his allies in a great battle. Sutekh was exiled and his followers slaughtered. In his anguish, Sutekh vowed that if he were to be exiled into the darkness, then that darkness would become all-powerful."
818 - 715	23rd Dynasty (Leontopolis)
747 - 716	Rule of the Kushite (Sudanese) King Piyi who controlled Egypt from Thebes southwards.
728 - 715	24th Dynasty (Sais)
716 - 664	25th Dynasty (Kushite) founded by Shabaka (716 - 702), brother of Piyi. Egypts eastern borders were troubled by the Assyrians, but the Kushites were often too busy in Egypt to attend to Kush.
690 - 664	Rule of Taharqa who was the most active military ruler of the time.
669	Taharqa is outmanoeuvered and defeated by Asshurbanipal of the Assyrians
664 - 656	Rule of Tantamani who returned to Kush after regaining possession of Egypt, making abscent when Thebes was sacked in his second year of kingship.
668 - 626	Assyria ruled by Assurbanipal destroys Thebes.
663	The Assyrians sack Thebes.
664 - 525	26th Dynasty (Saite). The Saite period was a cultural renaissance in which there was a conscious spirit of archaism, a return to the great days of Egyptian art and architecture and a revival of things such as animal worship that were peculiarly Egyptian. Trade with Greece and the inclusion of Greek mercenaries in the army underpinned the economic and military power of the Dynasty.
663 - 610	Rule of Psammeticus I whogradually made Egypt independant of Assyria.
545-400	Cults of Hermes flourish in Greece, Italy, Egypt. Split between Acousmatic and Mathematic factions sparks war of Hermes.
The Late Period
525 - 404	27th Dynasty (Persian) founded by the Persian Cambyses after defeating Psammeticus III (526 - 525). Later rulers ruled harshly and provoked the Egyptians to rebellions that were unsuccessful until the revolts of the Saite Prince, Amyrtaios.
521 - 486	Rule of Darius I.
404 - 399	28th Dynasty, ruled soley by the Saite Prince Amyrtaios.
400-100	War of Hermes - Sects battle across Classical World. Many Mathematics join Daedeleans; Acousmatics splinter, go underground, integrate lore from Arabs, Druids, Gallic shamans, Mithraics, Kaballists and Gnostics. Cults of Mercury eventually become strong emough to survive.
399 - 380	29th Dynasty at Memphis during which Egypt maintained a precarious independance.
380 - 343	30st Dynasty, based in Sebennytos.
360 - 343	Rule of Nectanebo II, last native king to rule Egypt.
343 - 332	31st Dynasty founded by the Persians.
332 - 323	Alexander the Great is victorious at the battle of Issus, ending the Persian rule.
323 - 30	The Ptolomy Dynasties who ruled Egypt for the Macedonian Empire.
132	Sutekh creates the bane mummies, Saatet-ta is mummified first. Horus moves to the Alps to make it a Mummy stronghold.
50	Setites regain 'some' control of Egypt using their agent Cleopatra. They also use Cleopatra to influence the Roman Senate. Cleopatra used the situation for her bid to the throne, seeking to both protect her land and to achieve her personal goals. She was originaly an initiate of the Priestesses of Isis, but far too ambitious for their taste - while they wanted to spread the cult across the empire, she wanted it to rule the empire. One faction tried to depose her and force her into exile, but she began to rally an army in Syria to re- take the land from her brother, who was their puppet. Then Caesar arrived, and she quickly made sure he became her lover and deposed her brother.
47	Several fractions of Mages used the political unrest to further their ends, including the Cult of Nun who used the Alexandrian Mob (a mixture between a lynch mob and a political protection racket) to burn part of the Library of Alexandria during Caesar's war.
33	Caesar was murdered to prevent the dictator from officially marrying Cleopatra, a marriage that would have had profound political and magickal consequences. She had to flee back to Egypt, politically weakened just as the land was suffering from plagues and famines. Sutekh destroys what he believes is the cult of Isis. The true Cult, or Net of Isis goes underground.
31	Cleopatra attempts to do with Mark Antony what Ceasars assination prevented, but Mark Antony is defeated at Actium.
30	Egypt becomes a Roman province, and as a result Cleopatra commits suicide.
27	Amam the Devourer is born.
33 AD	Sutekh himself vanished from the world (likely to escape being a casualty of the Jyhad). Before he disappeared, Sutekh promised his followers that he would eventually return in all his dark glory.
37 AD	Setites manipulate the Romans into attacking the Nabataean Kingdom.
.	The next centuries were a relatively peaceful period, when Egypt acted as the granary of first the roman and then Byzantine empire. The Library continued to act as the premier centre of learning and philosophy. But the developing Christian faith began to cause trouble during the second century AC. Alexandria became a central point in the growing church, the place where many influential choristers gathered to define the new faith. At first, many of them were allied with the library (the jews of the Library played a significant role in both translating the scriptures into Latin, and in uniting Greek philosophy with Christian faith), but more and more the choristers began to regard the library as unnecessary and pagan. The Library was eventually forced underground, and the choristers stood triumphant. But internal schisms weakened them, and while the Church became stronger many chorister groups were thrown out, including the Coptic choristers of Egypt. As Constantinople grew in power, Alexandria began to decline.
639-642	The Arabians led by Amr ibn al-As invaded and conquered Egypt. The Coptic chorister groups in Egypt aided them, happy to overthrow the corrupt rulership of Constantinople.
	A secret treaty of mutual tolerance was forged between the Coptic choristers, the Moslem choristers and the Batini which still partially holds. The different groups had completely different goals, and went along with them without disturbing each other. While the Coptic's tended their people and the Moslems spread the faith, the Architects of Divine Measure, a group of mystical architects, explored the ancient ruins and buildings, doing their best to learn their secrets.
	In time the caliphate weakened, and the administrator of Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun, became de facto ruler of the land. Although he was eventually murdered, the system he instituted went on and Egypt remained one of the major kingdoms of the Arab world.
- 875	The Persian occultist Abdallah Ibn Maymun, founder of the Brethren of Purity, a group of the Ahl-I-Batin, laid down a subtle plan to gain control of Egyptand defeat the Kaliph in order to set up a more mystical society. He established himself in Tunisia, allied with some of the Berbers, and helped set up the fatimid direction of Shi'i Islam; even as he died in 875 his followers bided their time while the Fatimid dynasty grew in power
969	The ruler of Egypt died and a series of low niles, defections and famines appeared, weakening the kingdom. gradually corruption set in, possibly due to influence from opposing supernatural groups that exploited a series of incompetent or insane rulers (Kaliph al-Hakim was so bizarre that many believe he was not human).
1074	The commander of Acre, Badr al- Jamali moved in to restore order, and eventually he and his descendants became viziers. His son al-Afdal destroyed the spiritual leadership of the Shi'i by choosing the younger son of the kaliph as successor instead of the elder son, thus making the spiritual succession of the movement go to Hasan-i Sabbah of Alamut.
1169	Salah al-Din (Saladin) became ruler of Egypt, and formally abolished the Shi'i rulership once and for all. He also opened up the royal city, allowing common people to live and work in Kahira; Cairo began to emerge. Egypt began to prosper, and other groups supported the spread of trade, science and culture. During this time the Templars came into contact with the possibility that part of the Library survived. An exchance of secrets occured between Arabic supernaturals and the Temple Magi, and some of the knowledge of the Architects came to europe, where it helped found what would become the Craftsmasons.
	The Ayyubids fought off several christian invasions, but grew more and more dependent on their mamluk slaves (slaves mainly from Turkey) as they weakened.
1249	al-Salih Ayyub died, but his favourite wife Shajar al-Durr kept this secret, and ruled in his name. It appears likely she was yet another of the Priestesses of Isis who got too ambitious; although she had showed her competence and had the support of the mamuluks who proclaimed her sultan, the kaliph and the orthodox were angered by this and forced her to re- marry. When her attempt to re-gain power failed, she was arrested and was thrown under mysterious circumstances from the red tower of the citadel.
1517	The Ottoman Turks invade.
1798	Napoleon invaded Egypt. The Napoleonic invasion of Egypt had profound repercussions for the Arab and Muslim world which continue to influence the region's political and social development. This was the first European conquest of a major Arab country in the history of Islam and it signalled the rapid decline of Islam as a world political power. Although it could be said that the Ottoman Empire was by this time already a spent force, the humiliation of Napoleon's entry into Egypt was a devastating blow to pan-Islamic pride. It has been said that contemporary Muslim fundamentalism traces its psychological origins to this initial shattering defeat.
1922	Britain recognized the independence of Egypt, but remained the real power until after World War II.