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Meso American Timeline |
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when figures from the past stand tall and mocking voices ring above imperialistic house of prayer conquistadors who took their share - Joy Division, Dead Souls |
| 3114 BC | The Mayan calendar begins before Maya culture existed, and could measure time well into the future |
| Legendary | Aztecs came from an Island called Aztlan, meaning White Place Place of Herons. which was described as an island in a lake with Chicomoztoc depicted as seven temples in the center of the island. The Aztecs felt they were the "chosen people" of Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs believed Huitzilopochtli their war god was their protector, how had them search for their promised land. The number Seven leads many to believe that it was a remembrance of the same culture that later inspired Sumer and Persia among others. |
| 2600 BC | Mayan peoples Originating in the Yucatan according to some sources. |
| 20,000 years ago |
Many people believe that the ancestors of the Maya crossed the Bering Strait |
| 18,000 - 10,000 BC | (Paleoindian era) corresponds to the period of the initial population of the New World via the Bering Land Bridge towards the end of the Pleistocene ("Ice Age"). The early limits of this period are poorly understood and hotly debated. The end of this period is marked by dramatic climate changes, including global warming, the receding of glaciers at upper latitudes, and a world-wide rise in sea levels. These changes, as well as possible human exploitation, led to the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna mammoths and mastodons first, followed by species like horses, giant beavers, and ground sloth's. Archaeological sites are usually quarries for stone material, short term camps, or butchering locations. The latter typically have evidence of big game kills. Typical artefacts of this period include fluted projectile points such as Clovis, Folsom, and Magellan ("fishtail") styles. It is between the two great Ice Ages that the Empire of Enoch reigned |
| approx 16,800 BC |
Sutekh arrives in the Mesoamerican kingdom now known as Peru. He sails from the West with a full fleet of retainers. |
| approx 13,500 BC |
Sutekh leaves his Mesoamerican kingdom in the hands of his childer and returns to Khem to claim his inheritance. The Kingdom remains ruled by Enoch but is visited far less than those outposts in the cradle of Civilization. |
The Plumed or feathered Serpent had many names, some of which may be avatars of the god or possible independent gods in their own rights. Among these names are Kukulkan, Gucumatz, Votan and Itzama who is called serpent of the East and is described as a healer who could heal by the laying on of hands and raise the dead. | 10,000 ca. 3,000 BC | (Archaic) term used to refer to a period of mobile, band level societies with economies based on smallgame hunting, wild plant gathering, fishing, and shellfish collection. There is a continuation of the nomadic patterns of the Paleoindian period at first, but the Late Archaic sees the appearance of regular, seasonally occupied sites. The trend for sedentism is most noticeable on the coasts, where sites with large shell middens indicate seasonal settlement. In general, the Archaic period is characterised by "incipient" or beginning agriculturists. Experimentation with different plant foods increases through time, resulting in the domestication of species such as pumpkin, squash, avocado, chile peppers, amaranth, and early maize. Seasonally nomadic groups become more sedentary, with small "microband" groups coalescing into larger "macroband" organisations. Typical artefacts of this period include basketry, smaller projectile points, and early ground stone tools such as manos and metates. |
| 3,000 BC | Early Preclassic (begins ca. 3,000 BC and ends ca. 1000 BC) the term "Early Formative" is also frequently used for this period, which corresponds to the time during which permanent villages and later large chiefdoms appeared. The beginning of the Early Formative (3,000 to1,000 BC) is signalled by the appearance of simple pottery vessels, typically in the form of tecomates, or gourd shaped, rimless vessels. Village life is based primarily on agriculture, with special emphasis on the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash. |
| 5,000 to 1,500 BC | corn cultivation, basic pottery and stone tools. Evidence of settled habitation in Mexico is found in the Archaic period |
| 4,000 to 2,000 BC | Rolf Muller postulates that Machu Picchu is first inhabited at sometime during this era. He points to the positioning of certain key edifice and structure and their alignment to celestial bodies of the time to back up his theory. The Inca and the tribes who inherit their empire certainly believe that a people from this time created all the engineering feats of Peru. |
| 2,400 BC | Potery is decorated first with "plastic" decoration and later with slipping and painting. |
| 1,800 BC | The Formative or Preclassic period begins, when the first permanent agricultural settlements were established, to 200 AD. |
| 1,700 B.C | Radiocarbon dates inform us that La Venta and San Lorenzo were inhabited as early as 1700 BC, by peoples who were the direct ancestors to the Gulf coast. They were corn farmers who supplemented their diets with fishing and hunting. Linguists suggest that they spoke a language related to the Mixe and Zoque languages of today. |
| 1,700 BC | there is evidence for sophisticated pottery decoration in the Barra phase of coastal Chiapas. |
| 1,600 BC | large houses, mica mirrors, and fancy figurines suggest the emergence of differences in wealth and social status. |
| 1,500 BC to 300 AD | (Pre Classic period) The first true civilisation was established with the rise of the Olmecs The Olmecs settled on the Gulf Coast, and little is known about them. They are regarded as the inventors of many aspects of MesoAmerican cultures including the first calendar and hieroglyphic writing in the Western hemisphere. Archaeologists have not settled the relationship between the Olmecs and the Maya, and it is a mystery whether the Maya were their descendants, trading partners, or had another relationship. The Olmec people called themselves Xi (pronounced Shi). The Olmec Shaman were part of the Balaam tribe, or Were-Jaguars and many figures show them Shapshifting. The Olmec had many beliefs. Among these beliefs were chaneques which were dwarf tricksters who lived in water falls. They also had their own beliefs in cosmology. The Olmec had natural shrines devoted to the hill on which the shrine was located and the water. These Chaneques were undoubtedly a Fae or Spirit race. |
| 1,150 BC | Olmec culture begins to flourish around this time on the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Olmec culture represents the rise of chiefdom level societies. It is characterised by elaborate stone sculpture, massive building projects, highly crafted artefacts of jade and other precious materials, and a distinctive art style that indicates the development of a powerful religious ideology. The most important Early Formative Olmec site is San Lorenzo. |
| 900 BC to AD 450. | Both the Olmec and epiOlmec had hieroglyphic writing systems. Olmec is a syllabic writing system used in the Olmec heartland. At La Venta we can see platform mounds were arranged around large plaza areas and include a new type of architecture, a tall pyramid mound. |
| from 31B.C | (The epiOlmec) the peoples who subsequently inhabited the same lands and were probably descended at least in part from the Olmec, seem to have been the earliest users of the bar and dot system of recording time. The vigesimal (or base 20) counting system has been used across Mesoamerica. A value of 5 is represented by a bar, and a value of 1 is represented by a dot, such that the three bars and single dot here stands for 16. The Maya would later adopt this counting system for their Long Count calendar. In the northern area of the Olmec domain there was some cultural continuity long after 500 BC Tres Zapotes became an important postOlmec center, and Laguna de los Cerros continued as a major center into the Classic period. |
| AD 250 | the Maya rose to prominence around in present day southern Mexico, Guatemala, western Honduras, El Salvador, and northern Belize. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilisations such as the Olmec |
| 500 - 900 AD | Chichen Itza was first populated |
| 900 AD | Chichen Itza was abandoned. |
| 1,000 AD | (About AD 900 in other sources) Chichen Itza resettled and subsequently invaded by Toltecs from the North, the Toltec sacked and burned the great city of Teotihuacan under the leadership, according to tradition, of Mixcoatl ("Cloud Serpent"). Under his son, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, they formed a number of small states of various ethnic origins into an empire later in the 10th century. The Toltecs ruled much of Maya central Mexico from the tenth to twelfth centuries AD The Toltecs were the last dominant Mesoamerican culture before the Aztecs, and inherited much from Maya civilisation. The Toltec capital was at Tula, 80 kilometres north of Mexico City. The most impressive Toltec ruins, however, are at Chichen Itza in Yucatan, where a branch of Toltec culture survived beyond the civilisation's fall in central Mexico. |
| 1300 | Chichen Itza abandoned |
| 1000 to 1100 AD | Mayan's lived in relative peace. |
| 1100 AD | Mayap‡n overthrew the confederation and ruled for over 200 years. |
| 12th and 13th centuries AD | Aztecs came into the valley of Mexico. They were driven from one location to another. |
| Early 14th century | Huitzilopochtli told Tenoch to lead his people to a place of refuge on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco. When they reached their destination, they were to look for an eagle perched on a cactus, growing from a rock or cave surrounded by water. At that location, they were to build their city and honour Huitzilopochtli with human sacrifices. The city they built was called Tenochtitlán, the city of Tenoch. continuing tensions between the Aztecs and the neighbouring peoples on the mainland who despised them. |
| 1376 | the Aztecs selected an emperor of royal lineage, to gain respect of their neighbours. With political genius, they chose a man by the name of Acamapichtli as their emperor. He was related to the last rulers of Culhuacán, and his lineage extended back in time to the great Toltec ruler Quetzalcóatl. With the selection of Acamapichtli as the Aztecs first true emperor, their were able to claim descendency from the great Toltecs. |
| 1441 | the Maya who had previously ruled Uxmal destroyed the city of Mayap‡n and founded a new city at Mani. Wars were fought between rival Mayan groups over the territory until the region was conquered by the Spanish. During the 15th century the military strength of the Aztecs increased. They grew from a small tribe of mercenaries into a powerful and highly disciplined military force. They also formed alliances with their powerful neighbours Texcoco and Tacuba, known as the Triple Alliance. It was a time for building and the city Tenochtitlán grow and prospered. |
The children of Huitzilopochtli versus the children of Ixchel| 1517 | The Spanish colonisation of the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba allowed them to launch exploratory forays around the Caribbean. C-rdoba discovered Isla Mujeres and sailed down the Yucatan Gulf coast to were he suffered heavy losses at the hands of the Maya. |
| 1519 | Cortez set landed in Veracruz. He conquered the Aztecs in a year, but it took another 20 years to conquer the Yucatan. |
| 1520 | By the end of Tenochtitlan's rule, 38 conquered tributary provinces had been made, who had to make payments. However, some of the tribes at the borders stayed strongly independent. This made it easy for the Spanish captain, Cortez to defeat them. |
| 1526 | Francisco Montejo set out to conquer the Yucatan. |
| 1562 | Fray Diego de Landa, second bishop of the Yucatan ordered a mass destruction of Mayan books and only three survived. The few Aztecs that remain have carried on their culture today. |
| July 1847 | The Yucatan Maya launched a major uprising called the Caste War. The Spanish were distracted by the war between the US and Mexico and nearly lost the peninsula. The Maya attacked Spanish villages armed by English settlers from Belize and with guns distributed to defend Yucatan's secession in 1846. They regained 90% of their lands and held all of the Yucatan except Campeche and Merida. At the height of their revolutionary success, the Maya inexplicably withdrew to their villages reputedly to plant corn for the season. The war with the US ended in 1848 and reinforcements were sent to the Yucatan, where they drove the Maya back to Chan Santa Cruz. |
| 1901. | The Maya resistance is crippled by disease and weapons shortages and they are forced to surrender. The Spanish defeated the Aztecs and the Catholics felt that it was their duty to destroy every trace of the Aztecs. |